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With Germany and Italy's support, the Croatian ultra-nationalist
Ustaše movement came to power in the newly established
puppet state called the
Independent State of Croatia (NDH). The Ustaše were notoriously
antisemitic,
[18] and wasted little time in instituting anti-Jewish legislation and persecuting the Jews under their control. Like Nazis forced Jews to wear armbands with a yellow Star of David, the Croatian Ustaše regime forced Jews to wear armbands with the letter "Ž" for "Židov", the word for "Jew" in Croatian.
[19] NDH Interior Minister
Andrija Artuković said in 1941 upon the proclamation of ethnic laws: "
The Government of NDH shall solve the Jewish question in the same way as the German Government did".
[20] Already in April 1941, the
Ustaše and Volksdeutsche burned the synagogue and destroyed the Jewish cemetery in Osijek,
[21] while the
Ustaše mayor of Zagreb,
Ivan Werner, ordered the destruction of the main Zagreb synagogue, which was completely razed in 1942
[22] The Ustaše set up a number of
concentration camps with the most notorious being
Jasenovac in which 20,000 Jews were murdered.
[23]
During the Holocaust, a total of 29–31,000 Jews in the NDH were killed, around 75% by the Ustaše and around 25% by the Germans. This constituted 79 percent of the country's pre-war Jewish population,
[24] including 20,000 of the 23,000-25,000 Croatian Jews.
[25] Only 5,000 Croatian Jews survived the war, most as soldiers in
Josip Broz Tito's
National Liberation Army or as exiles in the Italian-occupied zone. After Italy capitulated to the
Allied Powers, the surviving Jews lived in free Partisan territory.
[26]